? ?a?a???t?? ?????d?? ?e??????e sta ?e?????ta ?efa?????a? t? 1943 ?a? t? 1945 e??atast????e st? ??a F??ad??fe?a ?tt????. ?e?e??se t? ?a?�??e?? ???t?p? S???? (1961) ?a? t? S???? ????t???? ???a????? t?? ??????? ?ets?�??? ????te??e??? (1967). ?p? t? 1968 ??? t? 1973 ???se st? ?a??s?, ?p?? ??a?e �etapt???a??? sp??d?? st? ??st?t??t? ???e?d?�?a? t?? S??�?????. Sp??dase ep?s?? st?? Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (E.P.H.E.) ?????????? ?a? ??????�???? ep?st?�e? ?a? ????�??s???????a �e t??? Francois Perroux ?a? Claudie Marchel - Dubois, a?t?st?????. ????st??e se ?a?????? te?????? eta??e?e? ?? p???t???? �??a????? ?a? p??e?d?�??. ?p? t? 1973 �???? t? 1995 e???st??e st?? ????da ep??efa??? ?d??t???? ??afe??? te?????? �e?et?? ?a? ep?�???e??. ?p? ta ?d??t??? �??? t?? "S??????? F???? ????????? ???s????" (1961-1967), ?a? t?? "???t??? ??e??a? ?a? ?e??t?? t?? ?e�p?t???? ??a???d???" (1976-1983) �e t??? Sp??? ?apa??????? ?a? ?a?a???t? S?t???p????, t? ?p??? ep?�e?????e d?s????af???? e?d?se??, ?ad??f?????? ?a? t??e?pt???? e?p?�p??. ?? 1993 ?d??se t? "???e?? ????????? ??s????af?a?" ?a? ep?�e?e?ta? t?? ??d?s? se???? ??f?a??? d?s??? (cd's) ap? t? d?s????af?a t?? 78 st??f??, se s??e??as?a �e t?? eta??e?e? MINOS EMI, EROS, MBI ?a? FM Records. S??e???st??e �e t??? sta?�??? ??? 4, ??? 2 ?a? t? ?a???? 1 t?? ?e??a??, ?? pa?a????? ?ad??f?????? e?p?�p?? �eta?? 1988-1993. ??e? s??e??aste? �e t?? ??? ?? �??s???? ?a? ?st?????? s?��????? se t??e?pt???? e?p?�p??. ?p?�e?????e ?a? pa???s?ase st?? ??1 t?? se????: "??? a??�??s?? st??�?? e???st????" t? 1994 (10 ???a?a epe?s?d?a), "?et??? ? ?a???st? t?? ?e??a???" t? 1998 (4 ???a?a epe?s?d?a) ?a? t? se??? "Ge?? s?? pe??fa?? ?a? a???at? e??at??" s?�pa?a???? ??1 - GS?? se s?????es?a, ?? d?? te?e?ta?e? se????, ?????s? G??????t??. ?p? t? 1973 a??????afe? st?? ?�e??s?? ?a? pe???d??? t?p? �e ??�ata, ??????, ap? t?? ?st???a t?? e???????? t?a???d???, �e p??? ap? e?at? d?�?s?e?se??. ??e? s??e??aste? �e ta pe???d??? "?et??d??", "S?????t??", "???s???", "?a??????" (t?? ?p???? ?p???e s??d?e???t??), "TAR", "?t?f?", "???tas?", "??f???", "?a??d??�??", "??e?�at??? ?d???t?s?a", "?a??d?s? ?a? ?????", "Echo - Artis", "??d??" ?a? t? ?ta???? pe???d??? "Euros". ????a t?? ????? d?�?s?e?te? st?? ef?�e??de? "? ????", "??e??e??t?p?a", "?a??�e????", "?? ??�a" ?a? s??e?te??e??, �eta?? ????? e?t?p??, st?? ef?�e??de? "????p????", "?a ??a", "?pe?d?t??" ?a? "e?e??e??t?p?a". ??e? p?a?�at?p???se? e?at??t?de? ?�???e? se s??e??as?a �e d?�?s???? ?a? ?d??t????? f??e?? (?a?ep?st?�?a, ??�???, S???????? ?.?p.) ?a? ??e? s?��et?s?e? �e a?a?????se?? ?a? pa?e��?se?? se d?e??? s???d??a. ?e t? s?��??? t?? ?a? se s??e??as?a �e t? ?�?�a ????????a? t?? ?a?ep?st?�??? ???t?? ?a? t? ???s??? ?�?�a t?? pa?ep?st?�??? ?????? ?a? t? ??�? ???a?a? p?a?�at?p??????a? d?e??? s???d??a ??a t? "?e�p?t???" ?a? ta "??a???d?a t?? ?????? ?s?a?" t? 1996 ?a? t? 1998 a?t?st?????. ?p? t? 1961 �???? s?�e?a ??e? ep?�e???e? se??? e?d???se?? (d?a???e??, s??a???e?, e???se?? ?.?p.) st?? ????da ?a? st? e??te???? (??a ?????, ???d???, ?e??????, St?????�? ?a? a????). ?s???????e �e t? �??s??? ap? t?? pa?d??? t?? ?????a, pa????ta? p?e?st? st? f??a?�????? t?? ??�?? ?. F??ade?fe?a? ?a? s?????se t? �??s??? t?? d?ast????t?ta �e t?? ??e??a p??? se ??�ata �??s???? ast???? ?a???af?a?, s???e?t?????ta? ??a ap? ta �e?a??te?a a??e?a s?et???? ?????? (d?s???, �a???t?f???se??, af???se?? d?�???????, �?�??a, pe???d???, ef?�e??de?, f?t???af?e? ?.?.). ?? 1999 ?????f???se t? p??t? t?? �?�???, ??a t? e??????? t?a???d?, �e t?t?? "Ge?a s?? pe??fa?? ?? a???at? e??at??", ??d?s? t?? ???e??? ?st???a? t?? S??d???t?? (??.?S??.S) t?? GS??.